PORADNIK JĘZYKOWY

ISSUE 7 / 2019

ARTICLES AND DISSERTATIONS

  • Anna Cegieła : What is violence in the language of public communication?

    For the purpose of ensuring terminological consistency, the word przemoc (violence) should be reserved in the ethics of the word for such an unethical communication behaviour as (by an analogy to the phenomenon of violence described in social sciences) is a forcible destructive act (it weakens the position of the attacked person, brings losses to them or injures them, thus violating their dignity or sovereignty and depriving them of their self-esteem), and the attacked person cannot effectively defend themselves against such an act. An unethical act of communication may be aimed at one addressee but it always harms the audience by changing the moral standards of communication. Communication violence might be ideological (symbolic or ritual) or spontaneous.

  • Marek Kochan : Images of violence in the media

    The subject matter of this paper is media coverage concerning violence, which come from newspapers and web portals, selected by themes. The aim is to reconstruct the image of violence presented in the media, both as regards the lexical layer and narration structures. The author focuses on “private” violence, i.e. one done to ordinary people by others, outside the context of wars, ideologies, races, collective identities, or the criminal world.

    In the lexical layer, the linguistic image of violence is formed by emotionally marked vocabulary, which shows, by contrast, victims and perpetrators together with their acts, as well as police and legal vocabulary, which serve the purpose of making the account reliable. Narration regarding violence includes repeatable patterns, which show the process resulting in acts of violence and ending with the perpetrators being punished.

    The contents concerning violence, including drastic details, are exposed in titles, thus advertising texts and presenting such contents to readers as particularly important and interesting.

  • Paweł Trzaskowski : Embarrassment in Internet comments – pragmalinguistic reconnaissance
    The text discusses the problem of so-called “hating” in online comments. This phenomenon is often identified with hate speech, yet it is not an adequate comparison as it wrongly suggests that acts of verbal violence are motivated by this vilest of human emotions. In fact, language attacks are often accompanied by contempt for the victim. The victim of such an attack loses their dignity in the process of shaming. The presence of these two emotions: contempt and shame, encourages the perception of hate as a contemporary incarnation of the practice of lynching. A study conducted on more than eight thousand comments published on popular websites allowed to identify the characteristics of Internet hating/lynching. It is direct, mass, typical, common, and unethical.
  • Julia Piotrowska : Linguistic means of creating information reality in selected television news services
    Television news services use many linguistic persuasive and manipulative methods, which is particularly visible when giving account of political events. The author of this paper examines these mechanisms, names them and demonstrates, based on specific examples from the collected text corpus, the extent to which media coverage distorts reality and influences the public opinion. The author performs a qualitative analysis of six broadcasts of the main news bulletins in two TV stations. This paper is a case study illustrating the tools and methods of manipulating and methods of constructing media contents. For the observations to have a higher degree of generalisation, the text does not indicate the names of the TV stations (the interested readers are referred to the last footnote and index).
  • Agnieszka Jastrzębska : Methodological problems with describing the language of left-wingers
    The situation of the Polish left wing in the recent decade shows that, following a long period of relative popularity, is has been losing its voters. Currently, the political left does not have its representative in the Parliament and the leftist media do not attract many recipients. In the context of such changes, a question about the nature of the language used by the Polish left-wingers is justified. This paper points to methodological problems of describing the language of this political option. The first difficulty is to determine the research criteria and select texts from the perspective of political science, which allows for political and social aspects. The multitude of problems of the language used by leftwingers makes it most accurate to employ critical discourse analysis as the description method. An additional object of the examination of the language is the values and context in which their occur since they constitute the basis for recreating the leftist ethos.
  • Tomasz Żurawlew : A conversational poem by Szymborska in light of the theory of communication ethics
    My reflection consists in analysing the relation between the phenomenon of the ethos of human speech and three conversational works by Wisława Szymborska and in describing the dialogical forms created in the poems based on the theory of communicative morality. I argue that an analysis of Szymborska’s pieces from such a perspective might be useful in popularizing moral communication attitudes in teaching. I find her poems, full of existential anxiety, expressing humanism without pathos and grandiose words, a valuable medium for arousing sensitivity to human individuality and the value of language as a means of building a relationship with another human being.
  • Ewa Sławkowa : The place of słowo gwarowe (a dialect word) in the Polish literature of recent decades

    This paper is an attempt to review the meaning of the category of stylizacja (stylisation), which has been established in the research tradition of linguistics and literary studies, and propose the term słowo gwarowe (a dialect word) instead. According to the author, the term stylizacja gwarowa (dialect stylisation) (dialektyzacja (dialectisation)) is inadequate for many contemporary literary pieces the nature of which is afictional and heterotrophic, and requires a new theoretical approach.

    The author defines słowo gwarowe as a type of an “interjected” voice of another person (often with anachronous folk roots), which is close to the word Innego/obcego (the other / strange). Based on the material of a few literary works (Sońka by I. Karpowicza, Gnój (Piece of Shit) by W. Kuczok, Pióropusz (War Bonnet) by M. Pilot), she shows that słowo gwarowe is a voice of someone worse, often potentially excluded, who is or should be outside the space belonging to the Self. Dialect is not treated here as a variant of general language, yet is preserves the value of archaism, strangeness and anachronism of thinking, which leads to notions such as marginalisation and exclusion.

POLISH GRAMMAR

  • Natalia Breyvo : Srawnitielnaja grammatika polskago jazyka s russkim (Comparative grammar of Polish and Russian) by Michał Grubecki

REVIEWS

  • Ewa Komorowska : Maciej Malinowski, Ortografia polska. Kodyfikacja, reformy i zmiany pisowni (1830–2010) oraz jej recepcja (Polish orthography. Codification, reforms and changes in spelling (1830-2010) and its reception), Kraków 2018
  • Bogdan Walczak : Tomasz Lisowski, Przekłady Jakuba Wujka w odnowie leksyki „Nowego Testamentu” gdańskiego (1606). Ujęcie dystrybucyjno-kontekstowe (Translations by Jakub Wujek serving the renewal of lexis of the Danzig New Testament (1606.) A distributive and contextual approach), Poznań 2018

EXPLANATIONS OF WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

  • Marcin Zabawa : Kalendarz adwentowy, waniliowy, beta, alfa (Advent calendar, vanilla, beta, alpha) – on new neosemanticisms in Polish

WORDS AND PHRASES

  • Stanisław Dubisz : Seks – seksualizm – seksualizacja – seksualizować (sex – sexualism – sexualisation – to sexualise)